Browsing by Author "Várady Zoltán"

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    A magyar középkori epigráfiakutatás tárgya, kutatási programja és eredményei
    (Magyarságkutató Intézet, 2023) Várady Zoltán
    A tanulmány ismerteti a középkori epigráfia vizsgálati területét, hangsúlyozva e szakterületnek az ókori epigráfiától való elkülönülését, s megállapítja időbeli határait. Magyarországon az államalapítástól a török hódoltság kezdetéig (esetleg a 16. század végéig) terjedő időt tekintjük kutatandó korszaknak, a vizsgálandó anyagot pedig a tárgyakon, történelmi emlékeken található feliratok képezik. Az epigráfia jelentőségét az adja, hogy a feliratok külső képe, a betűk típusai, kapcsolásai, rövidítésrendszerei, kivitelezése egy-egy korra jellemzők, így keltezési lehetőséget hordoznak. A tanulmány a középkori epigráfia kutatási programján belül kiemeli, hogy a történelmi Magyarország területéről kell a gyűjtést elvégezni. Az epigráfiai vizsgálatba más íráshordozók bevonása is szükségessé válik. Egy országos szakmai műhely megteremtése mellett a középkori epigráfia témájának megismertetésére országos és nemzetközi workshopok, szakmai konferenciák keretében nyílna majd mód. A tanulmány bemutatja a címben jelzett korszakban használt betűtípusok – a románkori és korai gótikus, a gótikus maiuscula, a gótikus minuscula és a humanista capitalis feliratok – eddig megállapított időhatárait, végül rátér a feliratok néhány formai és tartalmi jellemzőjének ismertetésére, illetve a feliratrekonstrukció lehetőségeire. = The study introduces the subjects and time periods of medieval epigraphy, emphasizing its distinction from antique epigraphic studies. The researched time period in Hungary is from the foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary to the beginning of Turkish occupation of the country (possibly until the late 16th century). The subject of the research programme is the inscriptions found on historic items and monuments. The importance of epigraphy lies in the style of inscriptions, the type, connection, abbreviation and execution of fonts, as these are all characteristic of a certain historical period, thus carry the possibility of determining their exact date. The study emphasises the need to collect items from the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. It will also be necessary to include other writing materials in the epigraphic study. In addition to the creation of a national professional workshop, the topics of medieval epigraphy can be presented through national and international workshops or conferences.
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    Epigraphic Relics from the Age of Mathias I
    (2019) Várady Zoltán
    The end of gothic maiuscula style can be put generally to the end of 14th century.In Hungary, similarly to other European territories the gothic minuscula style didn'treplace the maiuscula on coins as it still appeared after the end of the 14th century.On the coins of Mátyás the features of the maiuscula style is found. So, it would seemthat coins are the most conservative in the usage of gothic maiuscula.The secret seal of Mátyás (1459) is of gothic minuscula style. The latter's greatpendant seal, first Czech king's seal, second secret seal (1485) also bear minusculaletters. This style was also used on stone-inscriptions until the end of his reign, so thepopularity of the Gothic minuscula style lasted throughout the 15th century, too. Therelief version of the Gothic minuscula appears in the first decade of the 15th century.This type was used continuously from the middle until the end of this century.The creation of the humanistic (or renaissance) capitals was performed in Italy,both in its early version and in the classical version inspired by the ancient Romancharacters. The Italian style humanist capitalis lettering appeared in Hungary veryearly on the golden seal of Mátyás (1464), on which only the G letter is earlyhumanist. The same lettering is used on his secret Czech ruler's (1486) and Austrianprince's (1487) seals. The humanist capitalis type dominates on seals from this point.The first known apparition of the humanistic capitals can be exactly dated, as theyear 1467 is figured on the half-pillar head of Vetési Albert. During 1480's and1490's the font type became common throughout the whole country, slowly replacingthe gothic minuscula.The early version of the humanistic capitals was found in Hungary too, which canalso be considered as being an alternative version. This early shape was used as atransitory writing and also become popular by panel pictures of the van Eyckbrothers from Netherlands. This type was in use until the years of the decade startingwith 1520.In Hungary, the first early capitalis type lettering appears in 1472 on the secretHungarian-Czech ruler's seal of Mátyás, the same year when the archbishop VitézJános deceased. His grave covering stone was ornamented with the same letteringtype. The epitaph of Vitéz János is written in these characters in a relief form,whereas the lateral plate of the tomb bears relief inscriptions made in Gothicminuscula.This series of relics continues with the ornamental well in Visegrád, decoratedwith the coat-of-arms of the Hunyadi family, traced down by art historians to 1483.The relief inscription of Mátyás in Bautzen bearing the year 1486 joins in thisqueue.While the pure classical version of the humanistic capitals stood under the directinfluence of the Italian writing, the early version was most probably transmitted fromthe German-speaking areas.As it can be observed well, the age of King Mátyás is rich in epigraphic relics,and these relics are bearing four different lettering types at the same time.
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    The periods of medieval inscriptions in Hungary
    (2017) Várady Zoltán
    Although the fonts on the earliest seals are quite various due to technicalimperfections, they still bear the features of the antiqua tractation writing, whichmarks the Romanesque age.Saint László's seal was the first to apply semi-circle shaped uncials next to theclassic forms, while King Imre's great seal from 1202 included a closed maiuscula Eletter.The lettering style of the Romanesque era can be dated from 11th century in thecase of stone monuments. The last creation of this age is dated to the middle of the13th century.There is a group of Early Gothic stone relics containing also more uncial shapes,wich appears around 1165-1172. The last remnant of this group comes from 1262.The coexistance of Romanesque and Early Gothic style is not common on rulers'seals, the differences of each era are more obvious. In this case the end of theRomanesque era, which can be dated back to the beginning of the 13th century(around 1205) and so the reign change of Imre I. and András II., is easy todetermine. The end of the Early Gothic era in the case of rulers' seals can be set to1270, the end of Béla IV's rule.The advancement of gothic maiuscula can be well observed on the lettering ofIstván V's dual seal.The stone inscriptions in Transdanubia are created in gothic maiuscula style onlyafter the first third of the 14th century, but several relics in medieval Hungary arefrom the end of 13th century. The upper endmark of the maiuscula-era is around 1400on stones.Despite the end of the maiuscula era, the third dual seal of Zsigmond from 1435still has maiuscula letters, just like the majesty seal of King Albert from 1438 and thenew seal of Ulászló I. from 1444.The gothic maiuscula was replaced on ruler's seals when the first minuscula styleletters appeared during the reign of Zsigmond. 12 different types of seals used byMátyás contained inscriptions formed from gothic minuscula letters. This indicatesthat this style was used until the end of his reign. The gothic minuscula style came into fashion on stone-inscriptions around 1365-1370. The font style was also widely popular in the next century, moreover, twoprovincial variations from the beginning of the 16th century were found.The italian style humanist capitalis lettering appeared very early on the goldenseal of Mátyás (1464). From this time, the humanist capitalis is dominant letter typeon seals. The appearance of capitalis on stone monuments can be dated from 1467.After 1500, the use of excessive ligatures and enclaves occurs while the provincialvariation of the font also appears.The capitalis fonts, called „early humanist” by the special literature, appeared in1472 on the smaller secret hungarian-czech ruler's seal of Mátyás, and from 1483 onthe stone-inscriptions.