Kisebbségvédelem / Minority Protection, XII. (2025)
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- ItemOpen AccessKisebbségvédelem / Minority Protection, XII. (2025)(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem, 2025) Dabis Attila; Manzinger Krisztián; Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem
- ItemOpen AccessMagyar parlamenti képviselet Ukrajnában. Történelmi tapasztalatok és perspektívák(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem, 2025) Bertalan, OlekszandrA tanulmány a kárpátaljai magyar nemzeti kisebbség parlamenti képviseletének történetét és dilemmáit elemzi az 1990-es évektől napjainkig, különös tekintettel az ukrán választási rendszer átalakításaira és a magyar közösség belső megosztottságára. A kárpátaljai magyarság politikai aktivizálódása a Szovjetunió felbomlásával párhuzamosan indult meg, és azóta folyamatosan napirenden tartja a helyi és országos szintű képviselet kérdését. A vizsgálat rámutat arra, hogy a kisebbségi parlamenti jelenlét egyszerre függött az ukrán politikai környezet intézményi kereteitől – különösen a választási törvények módosításaitól – és a magyar társadalmi egyesületek (KMKSZ, UMDSZ) közötti rivalizálástól. A tanulmány összehasonlítja a magyar képviselet ukrajnai lehetőségeit más közép- és kelet-európai országok gyakorlatával, bemutatva a kvótarendszerre és a kisebbségi pártok kedvezményezésére épülő modelleket. Az elemzés kiemeli, hogy a „magyar választókerület” kialakításának követelése mindvégig központi kérdés maradt, amely egyúttal a magyar–ukrán kétoldalú kapcsolatok egyik legérzékenyebb vitapontjává vált. A kutatás következtetése szerint a kárpátaljai magyar kisebbség parlamenti képviselete nemcsak etnikai és politikai szempontból meghatározó, hanem szélesebb értelemben hozzájárul a demokrácia minőségéhez, a társadalmi kohézióhoz és a kisebbségi jogok érvényesüléséhez is Ukrajnában.
- ItemOpen AccessKísérletek a magyarországi nemzetiségi kérdés rendezésére, 1848-1918(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem, 2025) Jeszenszky Géza; Corvinus EgyetemThis study investigates whether earlier and more substantive political compromise between Hungary and its non-Hungarian nationalities could have prevented the disintegration of the historic kingdom by 1918. It asks how successive attempts at accommodation, from 1848 to the 1868 Nationalities Law, addressed the demands of emerging national movements and why they ultimately failed. Methodologically, the analysis relies on a close reading of primary legal and parliamentary documents (1848, 1861, 1868), contemporary political writings (Eötvös, Kemény, Kossuth, Teleki), and later historiography, particularly the syntheses of Katus László and Szarka László, which draw on archival sources and parliamentary records. These materials facilitate a comparative assessment of constitutional proposals, nationality programs, and the political constraints that shape them. The findings show that meaningful compromise was repeatedly conceivable, most clearly in 1861, yet systematically derailed by conflicting territorial claims, the mixed ethnic geography of the Carpathian Basin, and the Hungarian political elite’s insistence on a unitary political nation. Although the 1868 law represented a liberal milestone in individual rights, it lacked mechanisms for enforcing collective protections and was inconsistently implemented, accelerating political estrangement. The study’s value lies in reframing Hungary’s nationality policy as a series of missed historic openings rather than a linear path to the Treaty of Trianon. Understanding these aborted settlements sheds light on why constructive minority accommodation failed in a region where linguistic, territorial, and political claims overlapped, providing insights that remain relevant for contemporary Central European minority governance.
- ItemOpen AccessAz őshonos kisebbségek aktuális helyzete Franciaországban. A Nyelvi Charta ratifikációjának kérdése és a Molac-törvény(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem, 2025) Collet-Retkes Dorottya; KRE - Állam- és Jogtudományi Doktori IskolaThis paper examines the legal and political status of France’s traditional minority languages by analysing the constitutional constraints that hinder the protection of linguistic rights and explaining why France has repeatedly failed to ratify the 1992 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Using a doctrinal legal method supported by the qualitative analysis of arliamentary debates, constitutional case law and the historical evolution of French language policy, the study compares French constitutional principles with European minority protection norms and identifies the structural tensions between them. The findings show that France’s constitutional framework, particularly the principles of state indivisibility and the exclusive status of the French language, systematically blocks the recognition of collective linguistic rights, which in turn explains both the unsuccessful ratification attempts of the Charter and the Constitutional Council’s 2021 annulment of key provisions of the Molac Law. By integrating legal, political, and historical perspectives, the paper demonstrates that these structural constraints continue to impede the meaningful protection of regional languages and argues that overcoming this constitutional barrier is essential not only for safeguarding France’s linguistic heritage but also for reinforcing Europe’s broader minority rights architecture.
- ItemOpen AccessTerra de Miranda unveiled. The Mirandese minority in Portugal's monolingual myth(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem, 2025) Rito da Silva, Constança; Fernandes, MartaThis paper examines the Mirandese linguistic minority of Terra de Miranda as a paradigmatic case illustrating the persistent gap between formal legal recognition and substantive protection for regional minority languages within unitary states. It addresses the central research question of how formal acknowledgement of minority languages can be transformed into effective revitalisation within a unitary and ostensibly monolingual state. Combining doctrinal legal analysis, policy review, and qualitative fieldwork, including semi-structured interviews with Mirandese language scholars and representatives of the Associaçon de la Lhéngua i Cultura Mirandesa, the paper adopts an interpretive case study design. Primary sources comprise Portuguese legislation (notably Law No. 7/1999), Council of Europe monitoring reports, and recent sociolinguistic data. The interviews were complemented by data triangulation, integrating documentary evidence, legislative materials, and sociolinguistic studies to ensure analytical and contextual accuracy. The findings reveal that, despite official recognition since 1999, the Mirandese language continues to face severe implementation deficits. Limited funding, fragmented educational provision, lack of professionalised teachers, and minimal administrative or media presence have confined Mirandese to a largely symbolic status. Recent developments, including Portugal’s 2021 signature of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the 2025 creation of the Mission Structure for the Promotion of the Mirandese Language, mark steps forward but remain insufficient to reverse its decline. Current estimates indicate that fewer than 1,500 active speakers remain, placing the language at a critical risk of extinction. The study’s originality lies in linking international law and local practice to propose a sequenced roadmap for revitalising a minority language. It concludes that protecting Mirandese is not only a matter of cultural heritage but a test of democratic pluralism and human-rights compliance in modern Europe.